1. What is Modulus of Resistance?

Definition: Also known as Young's Modulus, it measures a material's resistance to elastic deformation under load.

Purpose: It quantifies the stiffness of a material and is fundamental in material science and engineering design.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( E \) — Modulus of resistance (Young's modulus, Pa)
• \( \sigma \) — Stress (Pa)
• \( \epsilon \) — Strain (dimensionless)

Explanation: The stress (force per unit area) is divided by strain (relative deformation) to determine material stiffness.

3. Importance of Modulus of Resistance

Details: This property is crucial for designing structures that must maintain their shape under load, from bridges to medical implants.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the stress in Pascals and the strain (dimensionless value). Both values must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are typical Young's Modulus values?
A: Steel ≈ 200 GPa, Aluminum ≈ 70 GPa, Concrete ≈ 30 GPa, Rubber ≈ 0.01-0.1 GPa.

Q2: Why is strain dimensionless?
A: Strain is change in length divided by original length (ΔL/L), so units cancel out.

Q3: What's the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?
A: Elastic deformation is reversible (obeys Hooke's Law), plastic is permanent.

Q4: How does temperature affect Young's Modulus?
A: Typically decreases with increasing temperature as materials become less stiff.

Q5: Can this be used for anisotropic materials?
A: No, this formula assumes isotropic materials (same properties in all directions).