1. What is Systematic Error?

Definition: Systematic error (SE) is the difference between an observed value (O) and the expected or true value (E).

Purpose: This calculation helps identify consistent, reproducible errors in measurements or experimental results.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( SE \) — Systematic error
• \( O \) — Observed value
• \( E \) — Expected or true value

Explanation: The difference between what was measured and what should have been measured reveals the systematic error.

3. Importance of Systematic Error Calculation

Details: Identifying systematic errors helps improve measurement accuracy, calibrate instruments, and validate experimental methods.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the observed value and expected value. The calculator will show the systematic error (positive or negative).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What does a positive systematic error mean?
A: A positive SE means the observed value is higher than expected (overestimation).

Q2: What does a negative systematic error mean?
A: A negative SE means the observed value is lower than expected (underestimation).

Q3: How is systematic error different from random error?
A: Systematic errors are consistent and reproducible, while random errors vary unpredictably.

Q4: Can systematic error be eliminated?
A: Through proper calibration and method validation, systematic errors can be minimized but not completely eliminated.

Q5: What are common sources of systematic error?
A: Instrument calibration errors, environmental factors, observer bias, or flawed experimental design.